Temperature, pressure, speed, how to adjust these injection molding processes?

Temperature

Temperature measurement and control are very important in injection molding. Although it is relatively simple to make these measurements, most injection molding machines do not have sufficient temperature pick-up points or lines.

On most injection molding machines, the temperature is sensed by thermocouples. A thermocouple basically consists of two different wires connected at the end. If one end is hotter than the other, a tiny electrical signal will be generated; the hotter it is, the stronger the signal.
 

Temperature Control

Thermocouples are also widely used as sensors for temperature control systems. On the control instrument, the desired temperature is set and the display of the sensor is compared to the temperature generated at the set point. In this simplest system, the power is turned off when the temperature reaches the setpoint and turned back on when the temperature drops. This system is called on/off control because it is either on or off.
 

Melt temperature

The melt temperature is very important and the shot cylinder temperature used is only a guide. The melt temperature can be measured at the injection nozzle or by using the air injection method. The temperature setting of the injection cylinder depends on the melt temperature, screw speed, back pressure, injection volume, and injection cycle.

If you have no experience in processing a particular grade of plastic, start with the lowest setting. Injection cylinders are divided into zones for ease of control, but not all are set to the same temperature. If operating for long periods of time or at high temperatures, set the temperature in the first zone to a lower value, which will prevent premature melting and shunting of the plastic. Make sure the hydraulic fluid, hopper closers, molds, and injection cylinders are all at the correct temperature before injection begins.
 

Injection Pressure

This is the pressure that causes the plastic to flow and can be measured with a sensor on the injection nozzle or hydraulic line. It has no fixed value, and the more difficult the mold is to fill, the more the injection pressure increases. There is a direct relationship between injection line pressure and injection pressure.

First stage pressure and second stage pressure

During the filling phase of the molding cycle, high injection pressure may be required to maintain the molding speed at the required level. After the mold is filled, high pressures are no longer required. However, when molding some semi-crystalline thermoplastics (such as PA and POM), it is sometimes not necessary to use the second stage pressure because of the sudden change in pressure, which can deteriorate the structure.
 

Clamping pressure

In order to counteract the injection pressure, it is necessary to use the clamping pressure. Instead of automatically selecting the maximum value available, calculate a suitable value considering the projected area. The projected area of the injection port is the maximum area visible from the direction of application of the clamping force.

For most injection molding situations, it is about 2 tons per square inch or 31 meganewtons per square meter. However, this is a low value and should be taken as a very rough empirical value because, once the injection molded part has any depth, then the sidewalls must be taken into account.
 

Back Pressure

This is the pressure that must be generated and exceeded before the screw recedes. Although the use of high back pressure is beneficial to the uniform distribution of color and plastic melting, it also prolongs the return time of the middle screw, reduces the length of the fibers contained in the filled plastic, and increases the stress of the injection molding machine; therefore, the lower the backpressure, the better, and in no case should it exceed 20% of the injection pressure (maximum quota) of the injection molding machine.
 

Nozzle pressure

Nozzle pressure is the pressure inside the nozzle. It is approximately the pressure that causes the plastic to flow. It does not have a fixed value but increases with the difficulty of filling the mold. There is a direct relationship between nozzle pressure, line pressure, and injection pressure.

The nozzle pressure is about ten percent less than the injection pressure. In the case of piston injection molding machines, the pressure loss can reach about ten percent. In the case of piston injection molding machines, the pressure loss can reach 50 percent.
 

Injection speed

This refers to the filling speed of the mold when the screw is used as the punch. When injecting thin-walled products, high injection speeds are necessary to allow the mold to be completely filled before the melt solidifies, producing a smoother surface. A range of programmed injection speeds is used for filling to avoid defects such as jetting or trapped air. The injection can be performed with either an open-loop or closed-loop control system.

Regardless of the injection speed used, the speed value must be recorded on a log sheet along with the injection time, which is the time required for the mold to reach a predetermined first stage of injection pressure and is part of the screw advance time.